Client Evaluation Methods an overview

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P Lathika

Customers are bread and butter for any organization. Customers continuously decide “what to buy, where to buy and when to buy”. In order to retain customers, a business must ensure their customers are satisfied. What does it mean to have a satisfied customer? How can a business retain customers in our ever-changing market place? A person’s perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and values can substantially influence his or her experience and involvement with products.

A person’s insights, beliefs, attitudes, and values can substantially influence his or her experience and involvement with products. Perceptions can have various meanings but in marketing, it is often described as a process by which a consumer identifies, organizes, and interprets information to create meaning. A consumer will selectively perceive what they will ultimately classify as their needs and wants. What is perception? Perception is a psychological variable involved in the purchase decision process that is known to influence consumer behavior. Other variables included in this consumer process are motivation, learning, attitude, personality, and lifestyle. All of these concepts are crucial in interpreting the consumer buying process and can also help guide marketing efforts.

Do you know what is selective perception? Selective Perception is the process by which individuals perceive what they want to in media messages and disregard the rest.

Seymor Smith, who was a prominent advertising researcher, found proof for selective perception in advertising research in the early 1960s, and he defined it to be “a procedure by which people let in, or screen out, advertising material and they have an opportunity to see or hear. They do so because of their attitudes, beliefs, usage preferences and habits, and conditioning”. People who like, buy, or are considering buying a brand are more likely to notice advertising, than are those who are neutral toward the brand. “This fact has repercussions within the field of advertising research because any post-advertising analysis that examines the differences in attitudes or buying behavior among those who are aware versus those unaware of advertising is faulty unless pre-existing differences are controlled for”.

Selective perceptions are categorized in two types — a low level of perception, known as perceptual vigilance, and a higher level of perception, known as perceptual defense. In general, four main factors that influence an experience, involvement, and satisfaction with a product:

  • Personal is when a person’s perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and values can substantially influence his or her experience and involvement with products. For example, certain cultures highly discourage women from exposing some of their body parts as part of their religious beliefs, which inevitably affects their consumption of clothing. Other examples of cultural influences include language, myths, customs, rituals, and laws. Consumers tend to be more involved with products that they believe can fill their own needs, which in turn are regarded as holding importance and relevance in their lives. Personal or individual factors serve as strong influences, including gender, age, income level or social class, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
  • Object is the degree of information that a consumer have about a product, including how well they can distinguish its characteristics, and also can effect their experience, involvement, and satisfaction. Typically, the higher a consumer’s product knowledge, the more involved with it he or she will be. Deeper knowledge about a product also translates into higher involvement because the consumer perceives it as more important, especially if some of that knowledge pertains to characteristics that hold personal meaning.
  • Situational is when products that can easily conform to and enrich a consumer’s lifestyle tend to be consumed with more frequency and involvement. For example, a busy working mother might rely heavily on her smart phone to keep her organized and effective in an effortless manner.
  • Social: Social influence can deeply affect consumer behavior, especially as related to the products they consider and consume. A consumer’s social network has a strong influence on the products he or she uses, since individuals tend to rely on the opinions and advice of friends and family. Other social influences can include opinion leaders and reference groups.

Consumer involvement tends to vary dramatically depending on the type of product and its relationship to the consumer. In general, consumer involvement tends to be higher for products that are very expensive (e.g., a home, a car) or are considered highly significant in the consumer’s life (e.g., a newborn baby product). Marketing strategy should take into account the level of involvement that a consumer has with a specific product, as this also dictates the type of information that the consumer needs to process in order to make a purchase decision.

The following levels of information processing are required, which can help dictate the marketing approach that should be used:

  • Low-Involvement purchases tend to be made by habitual decisions (e.g., dish washing liquid, toothbrush). These require minimal information processing.
  • Moderate-Involvement purchases tend to be made by simple decisions (e.g., orange juice, snacks). These often may require some evaluation of alternatives.
  • High-Involvement purchases tend to be made by lengthy or more involved decisions (e.g., a car or a house). These are usually considered highly important to consumers and require extensive information processing.

Print advertising is considered high-involvement because newspapers and magazines provide information that can be processed clearly and can help shape attitudes and influence decisions. Television advertising is considered low-involvement because it presents information that is considered passive.

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